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2020-11-13
生活垃圾产生的恶臭废气是怎样的?
恶臭废气是各种引起不愉快感觉气体(异味)的总称,可以通过人们的感知思维进行分析和判断。自然界的新陈代谢,人类生活产生的垃圾和污水、汽车尾气、畜牧养殖、食品及农产品加工、冶炼等都会产生恶臭气体,刺激着人类的嗅觉器官。那么,这种恶臭到底是有什么成分呢?
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生活垃圾产生的恶臭废气是怎样的?
Date﹕2020-11-13|Source:Eclear Environmental
       恶臭废气是各种引起不愉快感觉气体(异味)的总称,可以通过人们的感知思维进行分析和判断。自然界的新陈代谢,人类生活产生的垃圾和污水、汽车尾气、畜牧养殖、食品及农产品加工、冶炼等都会产生恶臭气体,刺激着人类的嗅觉器官。那么,这种恶臭到底是有什么成分呢?

垃圾站除臭


       发臭团

       恶臭往往不是由单一物质气味引起的,而是以多种物质混合气味的形式存在。臭污染物成分复杂,产生恶臭污染行业多,畜禽养殖、生物制药、石油化工、污水处理、垃圾填埋等产生的恶臭污染物质多达几万种,具有组分多、浓度低、沸点低等特点。恶臭物质发臭机理和它的分子结构有密切关系,各种化合物分子结构中的硫(=S)、巯基(—SH)和硫氰基(—SCN),是形成恶臭的原子团,通称为“发臭团”。另有一些有机物如苯酚(C6H5OH)、甲醛(HCHO)、丙酮(C2H6C=O)和酪酸(C3H7-COOH)等,其分子结构中含有羟基、醛基、羰基和羧基,也散发各种臭味,起“发臭团”的作用。下表给出了不同发臭团代表的恶臭气味属性。

       垃圾的味道

       垃圾贮存、转运、倾倒、填埋和焚烧过程容易发生恶臭污染,生活垃圾在微生物好氧及厌氧分解作用下会产生大量气体,至少可持续产气10~40年。气体主要包括CH4(55%~60%)、CO2(40%~45%)和微量气体(0~2%),微量气体主要包括六大类物质,无机化合物(如H2S和NH3)、含硫化合物(如CS2和硫醇)、芳香烃、饱和与非饱和烃、卤代物、酸性烃及其他化合物,虽然所占比重小,但是这些微量气体多属于恶臭物质,嗅阈值极低,极易造成恶臭污染。其中以H2S为例,H2S的嗅阈值为0.0012umol/mol,极微量的H2S就可以闻到臭味。

       我国目前的恶臭污染物排放标准中规定的物质有8种,包括氨、三甲胺、硫化氢、甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲二硫醚、二硫化碳和苯乙烯,除标准中规定的恶臭物质外,还有许多物质会有气味,如乙酸乙酯、乙醇等,单独存在时其气味是令人愉悦的,但是当其与其他物质混合在一起后,就可能变成令人难以忍受的恶臭。恶臭物质之间的作用一直是世界难题,恶臭成分之间协同还是削弱也没有成熟的研究结果,这就意味着少量的恶臭物质存在就有可能闻到味道,这也给恶臭废气处理工作带来了一定的难度和挑战。

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